The West German government put the total at 14.6 million,[7] including a million ethnic Germans who had settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany during World War II, ethnic German migrants to Germany after 1950, and the children born to expelled parents. [54], With German communities living within the pre-war borders of Poland, there was an expressed fear of disloyalty of Germans in Eastern Upper Silesia and Pomerelia, based on wartime Nazi activities. [307] This argument is contested by Alfred de Zayas, an American professor of international law. "[313][314][315] He argued that the expulsions violated the Nuremberg Principles. [102] The rural population was affected more than the urban population or those ethnic Germans determined to have needed skills, such as miners. eligibility for asylum, refugees received under the Geneva Convention and subsidiary protection) stood at 50%. Many refugees tried to return home when the fighting ended. April 1950. Vocal Europe+32 2 880 36 50Rue de la Science 14B,1040 Brussels, © 2020 Vocal Europe | All rights reserved. Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven. [24] After 1919, many ethnic Germans emigrated from the former imperial lands back to Germany and Austria after losing their privileged status in those foreign lands, where they had maintained majority communities. This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in. [135]:312 These included Central Labour Camp Jaworzno, Central Labour Camp Potulice, Łambinowice and Zgoda labour camp. [70] The Czechoslovak government-in-exile worked with the Polish government-in-exile towards this end during the war. The Western deliveries started in 1946, but this turned out to be a one-way street. [80], Plans to evacuate the ethnic German population westward into Germany, from Poland and the eastern territories of Germany, were prepared by various Nazi authorities toward the end of the war. Dr Gundula Bavendamm is a current Director. Although the signatories to the Potsdam Agreements and the expelling countries may have considered the expulsions to be legal under international law at the time, there are historians and scholars in international law and human rights who argue that the expulsions of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe should now be considered as episodes of ethnic cleansing, and thus a violation of human rights. the rights of refugees have been reinforced. [228][229][230], The German government continues to maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct. [19] Estimates for the total number of people of German ancestry still living in Central and Eastern Europe in 1950 range from 700,000 to 2.7 million. The Germans had recently expelled more than a million Poles from territories they annexed during the war. [305], International law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century. [102], According to the West German Schieder commission report of 1956, in early 1945 between 30–35,000 ethnic German civilians and 30,000 military POW were arrested and transported from Hungary to the Soviet Union as forced labourers. [189][191] Since the 1980s the Soviet and Russian governments have allowed ethnic Germans to emigrate to Germany. In the latter camps, containing mainly children and the elderly, the mortality rate was about 50%. Mawista Scholarship 2015/16: Announcement of the winner. The report is somewhat at odds with other sporadic studies that have emerged in Germany since the migrant crisis, such as one from 2018 which seemed to suggest that a rise in crime in Lower Saxony during 2015 and 2016 could be mostly attributed to the large inflow of migrants. Diplomatic History, 1937–1945, The Potsdam Conference, 1945, Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, "Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: The Expulsion of Sudeten Germans", Final Statement and Conclusions of the Czech-German Historical Commission, 1996, Česko-německá komise historiků a Slovensko-německá komise historiků, The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, "Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r.", "Demographic processes in the Recovered Territories from 1945 to 1960", "Zur Frage des nationalen Bewußtseins der Masuren im 19. und 20. On the night of August 12–13, 1961, the East German government, backed by the Soviet Union, began to build a barrier between East Berlin (the Soviet-occupied sector) and West Berlin. In 1945 the Soviets found 280,000 of these resettlers in Soviet-held territory and returned them to the USSR; 90,000 became refugees in Germany after the war.[187]. Among the top ten host nations only one is a high-income country: Germany, at number 8 on the list, hosting 669,500 refugees and asylum seekers. [270], The US and Britain had to import food into their zones, even as Britain was financially exhausted and dependent on food imports having fought Nazi Germany for the entire war, including as the sole opponent from June 1940 to June 1941 (the period when Poland and France were defeated, the Soviet Union supported Nazi Germany, and the United States had not yet entered the war). In 1962 the State of Israel paid 54 million Deutsche Marks in compensation to property owners whose assets were nationalized. The West German figure for Poland is broken out as 939,000 monolingual German and 432,000 bi-lingual Polish/German. [99], Expulsions that took place before the Allies agreed on the terms at Potsdam are referred to as "wild" expulsions (Wilde Vertreibungen). At the beginning of November 2015, the coalition leaders agreed upon the Asylum Package II, which provides for the creation of more “special reception centres” for asylum seekers from safe countries of origin who are subject to re-entry restrictions, lodge subsequent applications or are unwilling to cooperate. Of the German nationals, 33% were children younger than 12 or elderly people over 60; 51% were women. [204] French forces occupied the town in March 1945 and prevented the inhabitants from returning until 1953. Many had suffered brutalities and atrocities by the Germans, surpassed only by the German policies against Jews, during the Nazi occupation. Now in its 10th year, the Syrian refugee crisis is the largest refugee and displacement crisis of our time. "[9], German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions that is sharply critical of German accounts of the Cold War era. [252] Nawratil claimed the death toll was 2.8 million: he includes the losses of 2.2 million listed in the 1958 West German study, and an estimated 250,000 deaths of Germans resettled in Poland during the war, plus 350,000 ethnic Germans in the USSR. [109], About 250,000 ethnic Germans were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia. Drei Bände. Hans-Walter Schmuhl. The respective paragraph of the Potsdam Agreement only states vaguely: "The Three Governments, having considered the question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. Churchill cited the operation as a success in a speech discussing the German expulsions. [199][200], After March 1945, ethnic Germans were placed in so-called "village camps". Since the summer of 2015, the influx has taken on a dimension hitherto unknown. The expulsion policy was part of a geopolitical and ethnic reconfiguration of postwar Europe. The death toll during their capture and transportation was estimated at 15% to 30%, and many families were torn apart. However, the population will only accept asylum rights if we can repatriate those who don't need to be protected.''. They are usually granted no regular status or work permits and have hardly any access to educational institutions for children. Rejected applicants should return to their own countries or be deported directly from these centres. [97] While expulsions from Czechoslovakia were temporarily slowed, this was not true in Poland and the former eastern territories of Germany. On the one hand, the step taken by the federal government is likely to have strengthened people in their decisions to come to Germany and Europe. I am not alarmed by the prospect of disentanglement of populations, not even of these large transferences, which are more possible in modern conditions than they have ever been before". [327][328] Public approval for Havel's stance was limited; in a 1996 opinion poll, 86% of Czechs stated they would not support a party that endorsed such an apology. [98], The agreement further called for equal distribution of the transferred Germans for resettlement among American, British, French and Soviet occupation zones comprising post–World War II Germany. In total, including subsequent applications, 476,649 requests for asylum were submitted. [20] Many German civilians were sent to internment and labour camps where they were used as forced labour as part of German reparations to countries in eastern Europe. [187], The population of Kehl (12,000 people), on the east bank of the Rhine opposite Strasbourg, fled and was evacuated in the course of the Liberation of France, on 23 November 1944. Yue Huang said studies like these have a caveat which severely limits their usefulness: "In the existing literature, some work has been done on immigration and crime. [130], In 1958, the West German government estimated, based on a demographic analysis, that by 1950, 270,000 Germans remained in Hungary; 60,000 had been assimilated into the Hungarian population, and there were 57,000 "unresolved cases" that remained to be clarified. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. D820.P72 G475 2010; Manfred Kittel, Horst Möller & Jiri Peek. 140,000 of these Germans were resettled in German-occupied Poland; in 1945 they were caught up in the flight and expulsion from Poland. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. [108], Transfers of population under the Potsdam agreements lasted from January until October 1946. [23], Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, and the German empire at the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles pronounced the formation of several independent states in Central and Eastern Europe, in territories previously controlled by these imperial powers. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. This solution was to consist of an even distribution of asylum seekers – those arriving both spontaneously and in an organised way – across the European Community of states. The sudden flood of emigrants created a major refugee crisis. First of all, it should be stressed that at present the number of people in search of protection has reached an all-time high.

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